take up again the thread of the thesis to Eleanor Luisi, per avere un quadro di base della dimensione storica, filosofica e sociale dell'India.
Per la sezione precedente (da cui accedere anche alle altre), cliccare qui .
1.18 Le tensioni tra le comunità
L’inasprirsi delle tensioni tra le comunità in India ha raggiunto il suo culmine nel 1992, quando i fondamentalisti hindù hanno distrutto una moschea ad Ayodhya, perché ritengono che quel luogo in passato fosse la sede del tempio di Rama e chiedono che in quella città si debba ritornare alle origini dell’Induismo.
Nelle elezioni del 1991 il Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) è diventato il maggiore partito di opposizione, ed è promotore del return to the authentic values \u200b\u200bof the Hindu doctrine and the promoters incited the attack at the mosque. Especially numerous revolts break out in northern India, where they exploded several bombs.
In 1996, the BJP won the elections, but just because the ruling secular forces are working to not create a lasting government. The BJP can not win the elections of 1998 and 1999 and is the first religious parties that leads the country.
Despite the moderation of Atal Behari Vajpayee Prime Minister, within the party there are many supporters of the BJP taking aggressive attitudes.
At that time, relations with Pakistan are strained. In Gujarat in early del 2002 vengono bruciati vivi in un treno attivisti hindù mentre rientrano a casa.
Inizialmente il governo del Gujarat ritiene colpevole del fatto un gruppo musulmano.
In seguito si registrano diversi disordini che causano la morte per la maggioranza di musulmani.
Nel 2004 è tornato al potere il Partito del Congresso guidato da Sonia Gandhi, di nazionalità italiana e vedova di Rajiv Gandhi.
1.19 L’India e il conflitto in Sri Lanka
L’India è stata coinvolta nelle tensioni etnico religiose dello Sri Lanka, che ha ottenuto l’indipendenza nel 1948 ed è diviso da una parte da una maggioranza cingalese di religione buddhista e da una minoranza tamil induista, which was supported by the British colonization, but subsequently suffered damages as a result of government policy.
In the northwest region of the Tamils \u200b\u200bare fighting for the establishment of an autonomous state.
intervention of India in 1987 in order to quell the hatred between the two ethnic groups has been shown for the Tamil minority.
To understand the reasons for this conflict we must rebuild an overview of the history of the country.
After independence from the British in Sri Lanka was hit by a violent civil war that pits the Sinhalese Buddhist faith of the Tamil Hindu belief. The main cause of the origin of the conflict is the demand for autonomy by the minoranza tamil .
Un fattore che divide i due gruppi etnici esistenti è il fatto che nel 1956 la lingua cingalese viene proclamata lingua di Stato. Dopo l’opposizione delle classi dirigenti alle richieste di autonomia dei tamil, questi ultimi danno vita a un movimento di resistenza politica con l’obiettivo della secessione e della nascita di uno stato autonomo. I cingalesi per tentare di sedare la ribellione dei tamil si sono affidati all’autorità spirituale dei monaci buddhisti.
Fin dagli inizi del conflitto i cingalesi cercano di sottolineare che il buddhismo fa parte della loro identità etnico-religiosa. Per i cingalesi l’integrità della nazione può essere ottenuta soltanto tramite l’unità territoriale.
early 1958 after the outbreak of the first conflict, the Buddhist monks begin their preaching and are promoters of the defense of national identity, reinforcing the idea that it is legitimate to fight against "evil." To try to explain what motivates a religion like Buddhism to enter into a war scenario, it is necessary to first analyze the social stratification of Sri Lanka.
in the country 75% of the population are Sinhalese, while the remaining 18% are Tamils.
Regarding religion, 70% Buddhist, 16% Hindu, 7.5% Muslim and there is also a Christian minority. The Tamil population lives
into two distinct parts in the north and center of the country. Especially in the middle of the people devote themselves to agriculture and constitute a social class and peasant while sharing the same religion and same language as the Hindu inhabitants of the north-east, do not struggle to achieve autonomy. The main purpose of this position is: these workers are a minority that has always been exploited by both the Tamils \u200b\u200bthat the Sinhalese. With the intensification of the conflict also shows the position of Muslims trying to keep their distance from either side.
Relations between Muslims and Sinhalese are never good since colonial times. In fact, with the arrival of the British and the introduction of coffee plantations, the Muslims have taken over the control of traffic of goods.
Then following the Sinhalese revolt against the rulers, the Muslims are accused of having sided with the British. Since then the Muslim minority increases the demands to establish a religious community independent of the Buddhist religion of state.
In Sri Lanka also has a Catholic community in Sri Lanka, in 1995 with the arrival of Pope John Paul II can collect a numerous throng of the faithful. During the heated conflict of the eighties also Catholics have been involved in civil war.
Among the fifties and sixties in Sri Lanka to witness the birth of a lever Buddhist monks, who reformulate ideas and projects of Buddhism.
This new movement is defined by many historians as "Protestant Buddhism" and its roots in colonialism and contact with local populations. In fact, with the arrival of Europeans in 1500, in particular the Portuguese, followed by Dutch and English, was born an influence on the inhabitants of the island. This influence of Western society leads to the emergence and dissemination of ideas promoted by the Buddhist centers and the creation of an intellectual class that becomes the promoter of the fight against the foreign rulers.
The religion of the colonial power is seen by some as an enemy and the other to be taken as an example.
The birth of the "Protestant Buddhism" has its origins in the era of their foreign rulers and professes to return to the origins and construction of national collective identity. The first is the great reformer Anagarika Dharmapala Monaco, who devotes his life to the transformation of Sri Lankan society is too influenced by Western culture and seeks to spread the Buddhist ethics. Buddhist monks became missionaries for a new ethical and political renewal of Sri Lanka. According
Dharmapala to be able to defeat the moral degradation of society must return to the Buddhist teachings such as compassion, charity, purity, and the constant search for truth. I monks become local leaders in villages with the aim of educating people to the law of dharma, which summarizes the ethic of Buddhist thought.
monks become social workers and play a mediating role between the political world and the world urban and rural villages. The monks work in the fields and enhance the contrast the materialism of the trade of goods liable to destroy the law of dharma.
The Sri Lankan government has always tried to defend the Buddhist religion, which is a key element of national identity.
With the widespread clashes between 1983 and 1987 has strengthened the position that the policy has the task of defending the purity of the dharma.
The monks teach the peasants of the villages that follow the teaching of dharma is to live a simple life, lived in the here and now ", pledging to improve themselves and the community to which we belong.
These sermons are followed by the formation of missionary groups and individuals that make outstanding schools in Sri Lankan politics.
The class of Buddhist monks spread ideas that are assimilated by the political class that guides the construction of the Sri Lankan nation.
The moral foundations of Buddhism are considered essential for a process of economic development. His ability to create collective energies and cooperation would have enabled the development and economic growth. A
Following a thorough reform of morals, according to Buddhist ethics, it would be possible to promote economic development.
monks in their campaign to promote the development preach abstinence from alcohol and drugs, refrain from hanging out, watching the folk shows, gambling and horse racing, try to avoid bad company and combat idleness.
An essential foundation of the preaching of the monks is the discovery of a new work ethic. These Buddhist monks began to train a generation that will be called "soldiers of the dharma", in order to rebuild society based on the virtues of Buddhist morality.
is important to remember that Buddhism in the Sri Lankan born a cooperative movement similar to that found in the Italian Catholic community.
also spreads the utopia to establish a society based on purity, harmony and balance is enhanced and the lifestyle of farmers opposed to the urban phenomenon characterized by increasing industrialization.
A fundamental work that summarizes the ideas of the monks is a text written by monaco Walphola Rahula called "the legacy of bhikku," published in 1974 in England. The bhikku is an order of monks who have dedicated their lives to the teachings of the Buddha.
The text summarizes the task of Monaco as a political activist and social worker to build a new Sri Lankan identity.
comes to power in 1956 when the Sri Lankan Prime Minister of the Republic inspired by her side to the teachings of the monks, the seminars have become universities, has introduced the Sinhala language and women are allowed to study in universities.
Tradition says that the Buddha through the whole island and stops in sixteen places, which are still considered sacred and where his relics are venerated.
This fact led us to think, in the collective Sinhalese, Sri Lanka, which is a sacred land entrusted to the Buddha and the Sinhalese are a chosen people. The corpo del Buddha è concepito come la Terra e quindi per rispettare la sua sacralità è impensabile parlare di una divisione territoriale.
La lingua cingalese, che da sempre è ritenuta sacra, prenderà il posto della lingua inglese dei colonizzatori.
Nel 1998 i separatisti tamil avviano una protesta contro l’uso della lingua cingalese e mettono una bomba nel tempio buddhista chiamato il “Tempio del Dente”, perché c’è la credenza che vi sia all’interno il dente del Buddha, provocando la morte di diversi monaci.
Questo è uno dei tanti attentati attuati dai tamil dopo che il governo ha attivato un una violenta repressione del movimento che da anni si batte per il riconoscimento della autonomy and created a strong group militarized.
The Tamils \u200b\u200bare treated as an enemy that threatens the territorial unity of Sri Lanka, the sacred land of Buddha.
Many Buddhist monks have gone to war against the Tamils \u200b\u200bto try to prevent the island is divided, according to the monks because his division would also entail that the body of the Buddha.
In Sri Lanka religion has proved a powerful means of communication capable of mobilizing the community against the threat of territorial disintegration.
Religion in this case has had a decisive role in the construction of national identity and to consider the Sri Lankan Tamils \u200b\u200bas the enemy to defeat.
Yet before the outbreak of violent conflicts of the eighties among the Sinhalese and Tamil, there are some points of contact from the religious point of view: the festival of Vel which is celebrated by both communities there are rituals that take place from the temple to the Hindu Buddhist.
space that inter-site communication and exchange has become an area of \u200b\u200bconfrontation and conflict, where religion instead of doing the task of creating unity between two different ethnic groups has become because of their hostility.
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