Di nuovo in India con la quinta parte della tesi di Eleonora Luisi che sta continuando a delineare un'interessante panoramica del paese. Per la parte precedente cliccare qui! 1.14 L’indipendenza e la partition of India
In 1945 he won the Labor Party in England and this causes a change in the political scene. However the British did not manage to appease the differences between the two major parties in India. The Congress Party led by Nehru wants to create an independent India and united, while the Muslim League claimed the birth of an independent Muslim state.
When the British attempt to reconcile the two conflicting parties fails, the result was the outbreak of civil war. In 1946 the Muslim League
causes a massacre of Hindus and this leads to acts of retaliation against Muslims. Because of the seriousness of the situation the British government was forced a concedere l’indipendenza.
Il nuovo Vicerè cerca di convincere le due parti a trovare un compromesso per l’unità del paese. Gandhi si oppone fin dall’inizio alla divisione del paese. La crescente violenza civile esplosa anticipa l’indipendenza indiana, che viene concessa il 15 agosto 1947.
Il problema della divisione del paese riguarda il tracciare la linea di demarcazione tra le regioni di fede musulmana e quelle di fede hindù.
Le regioni a maggioranza musulmana si trovano all’estremità opposta del paese e il Pakistan deve essere diviso in una parte occidentale e in una orientale. Questa situazione crea una forte instabilità e ci vogliono venticinque anni perché la parte est del Pakistan diventi l’odierno Bangladesh.
La città di Calcutta, nel Bengala, con la sua maggioranza hindù, dispone di un buon sistema portuale e di una fiorente industria dello iuta, viene divisa dalla parte est del Bengala a maggioranza musulmana, la nascita del nuovo confine determina la migrazione di un milione di bengalesi.
La regione dove esistono maggiori problemi è il Punjab, una delle zone più ricche del paese, dove sono presenti tre comunità separate: musulmani, sikh, hindù. I sikh hanno lottato per la formazione di uno stato indipendente, ma il confine che viene tracciato separa le due città principali Lahore e Amritsar. Nel Punjab si registrano numerose migrazioni di popolazione.
Numerosi hindù e sikh massacrano i musulmani che si dirigono a ovest, ma anche molti musulmani uccidono hindù e sikh che migrano verso est.
1.15 L’India indipendente
Il primo ministro dell’India indipendente è Nehru, che adotta una posizione politica di non allineamento, mantenendo relazioni amichevoli con l’Inghilterra e il Commonwealth e una disponibilità nei confronti dell’Unione Sovietica.
La sua apertura verso l’Unione Sovietica dipende dai conflitti con la Cina e dal sostegno che gli Stati Uniti forniscono al Pakistan. Negli anni sessanta e settanta l’India è stata protagonista di numerosi conflitti.
Nel Ladakh combatte contro la Cina e perde la sua influenza su vaste areas of the territory, where even today the India asserts its sovereignty. In 1965, they start wars against Pakistan over Kashmir and in the seventies to Bangladesh.
When Nehru died the following year rises to power his daughter Indhira Gandhi. Due to a series of internal disturbances and riots in 1975 Indhira proclaims state of emergency and free of restrictions parliamentary work starts to beat inflation and boost the economy and achieved a brilliant success. During the same period jailed political opponents and there is an increase of corruption in the judiciary and press freedom suffers few restrictions. Indhira is confident despite losing the popular support the elections of 1977, which saw the winner People Janata Party (JPP), founded by a socialist Gandhian who dies after the election. The JPP has won the election, but without a definite political program is not capable of dealing with the problems of the country and in the elections of 1980 Indhira Gandhi returned to power.
1.16 The continuity of the Congress Party
There are many problems facing Indhira once returned to power: the conflict between the different communities, the tough battles against the Dalits, the increase in police corruption and the riots that erupted in the Punjab.
The majority of these problems remain unsolved in 1984 when Indhira is killed by two Sikh bodyguards, after having decided to send Indian army for the liberation of the Sikh Golden Temple of Amritsar.
When the decision to break into the most sacred temple of the Sikhs, many riots broke out between Hindus and Sikhs. Even in the 1984 elections the Congress Party won out and Rajiv's son Indhira, becomes prime minister. Not much later, however, his government loses the agreement because of the numerous instances of corruption that involve the same Rajiv, who was assassinated in 1990 in Tamil Nadu from Sri Lanka's separatist armed group called the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ". His successor is
Narasimha Rao, who heads the Congress to victory. In 1992 there was an economic recovery thanks to the decision of the Minister of Finance to devalue the rupee. The Indian market is opened to foreign investment, transnational corporations are interested in the growing number of professionals and are attracted by low labor costs are beginning to invest in the country. One of the most important is that the software industry today is one of the most developed. In 1996, Rao's government also involved in a series of scandals ended, unable to defuse tensions in the country.
1.17 The conflict in Kashmir
Before independence the question of the border between India and Pakistan is difficult administered by the British because the principles are independent.
Kashmir in 1948 has a Muslim majority but is ruled by a Hindu maharaja. At that time, a Pakistani army crosses the border with the intention of annexing Kashmir to Pakistan. The Indian Army is able to reach Srinagar and prevent the occupation of the city, then takes the side of the Maharaja Indian and conflict is inevitable.
In 1948 is organized by the United Nations Council for a referendum on the future of Kashmir. The following year he established a cease-fire and creates a demarcation line to separate the two rival countries. This boundary, called the Line of Control serves as the border even though the two contenders do not consider it such.
The Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir including Ladakh (where there are Muslims and Buddhists), Jammu (with a clear Hindu majority), the Kashmir Valley (with substantial Muslim majority), while the Pakistani side in the three million people live in ' Azad Kashmir, also known as "free Kashmir".
Along the line of control are numerous raids and, since 1989, a conflict erupts in Kashmir itself.
Pakistan is accused of backing rebels in Kashmir, while India is attacked because it does not recognize the right of peoples to self-determination in Kashmir.
In 1998, the situation is further worsened when the Indian government led by the Janata Party in Rajasthan blew nuclear tests. The answer is to start Pakistan's nuclear tests. Both India and Pakistan following a series of international criticism cease their nuclear testing.
After the terrorist attack on Indian Parliament in 2001, the country has accused Pakistan and has further strengthened the defensive measures. The poor ability of Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf to control the Islamic fundamentalists, leaving some uncertainty about the future of Kashmir. During 2004, relations between the two countries seem to have improved: the part of India decides to withdraw its troops, Pakistan to adopt a softer policy.
October 2005, the Indian part of Kashmir has been hit by a powerful earthquake that claimed hundreds of lives. In November of that year was re-opened the border with Pakistan to allow the arrival of humanitarian aid to the local population.
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