We return now to consider the doctoral dissertation of Eleanor Luisi Perun vision, although very general, history and culture of India. To access the previous sections, click here!
The Trimurti of Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
Brahma: Being huge orbiting
The third trend that rajas is manifested in Brahma defines being great.
Brahma is the coordination of opposites and is the cause of all that exists. From orbiting rajas
trend originates space and time. Being born great balance of forces, each representing existence and nature of each movement. It is considered
il creatore, la causa che ha generato il mondo intero ed è concepito come un embrione d’oro dal quale nasce l’universo. È raffigurato con quattro teste, dopo che la quinta viene ridotta in cenere dal terzo occhio di Shiva. È di colore rosso o rosa e è chiamato il dio dalle “quattro teste”, “dai quattro volti” e “dalle otto orecchie”. Nelle sue quattro braccia tiene i quattro Veda, mentre nelle altre vari accessori come uno scettro, mestoli sacrificali, un arco, un rosario, una brocca. Brahma è raffigurato come un uomo giovane con la barba, il cui veicolo è il cigno che simboleggia il sapere; per questo motivo viene chiamato “cavaliere del cigno” e spesso è rappresentato quando esce dall’ombelico di Vishnu che dorme. La sua dimora è l’Universo chiamato anche “foresta immensa”.
Il dio vive cento anni, poi una volta che ha creato il mondo, questo non cambia per un giorno di Brahma che dura 216000000 anni. Quando Brahma si sveglia dal sonno della notte inizia un nuova creazione e questo ciclo viene ripetuto fino a raggiungimento del centesimo anno. Le quattro età del mondo sono chiamate Yuga e si dividono in Krita yuga, Treta Yuga , Dvapara Yuga e Kali Yuga.
Un giorno di Brahma è costituito da mille cicli dei quattro Yuga. Brahma vive cento anni, quando muore si assorbe negli elementi con gli altri dei.
In generale questa divinità non riceve un culto dato che is the beginning of creation.
His images are represented in many temples, including the most important of all India is the temple of Pushkar, located in Rajasthan.
Vishnu the Immanent
Sattva is the tendency that is cohesive and centripetal in the Hindu trinity of Vishnu, who represents all that tends towards the center and creates light, while Shiva is the principle which represents the centrifugal dispersion and dark.
Vishnu is in all things in the inner cohesion and wins every destructive force because it is the power and the internal cause on which everything rests. It is considered the symbol upon which life is the principle of continuity, while Shiva symbolizes destruction. God is identified with the dream state, where the worlds are models that have yet to be realized.
in the Upanishads and the Puranas, we find the explanation of his figure. His picture shows him lying on the ocean causal, while he sleeps and rests on Solid Snake, and sometimes depicted standing with all its qualities and symbolizes the absolute ruler of the cohesive tendency sattva. Its characteristics and its principal ornaments are
"The four arms indicate the domain in each direction and are the symbol of absolute power. They represent the stages of human life and for life such as pleasure, success, perfection and liberation, four is the number of the Vedas. Vishnu holds in each hand the conch, discus, bow, and the lotus. "
" the shell: it represents individual existence. "
" The record: it is the mind and the power that creates and destroys' universe. "
" The lotus symbolizes the universe, is the flower that blooms in 'ocean of the causes. "
" The bow is the destructive aspect of individual existence associated with the disintegrating trend. "
"The arrows and quiver: are the powers of the senses determinano il campo d’azione dell’intelletto.”
“La mazza: viene identificata con la dea Kali, che è la potenza della conoscenza che distrugge tutto quello che le si oppone.”
“Il gioiello-tesoro dell’oceano”: è collocato sul petto di Vishnu è nato dalle acque che circondano la terra.”
“La ciocca di peli Cara alla Fortuna: rappresenta la natura fondamentale e si trova sul seno destro di Vishnu.”
“La ghirlanda della foresta: è situata intorno al collo di Vishnu e è considerata il potere dell’illusione, Maya.”
“Gli orecchini: sono a forma di mostri marini and are the intellectual knowledge and perception. "
" The bracelets are the three goals of life: perfection, success, pleasure. "
" The crown is the reality unknowable. "
" The veil yellow is worn by Vishnu and his incarnations around the hips, is the sacred texts of the Vedas. "
" The string sacred threads that are made between the sacred syllable AUM is located on the chest. "
" The wagon It is the symbol of the mind and its power to act. "
" The dark color: Vishnu is always black or dark blue, usually the dark is the color of the ether, the substance of the universe space. Black is the color of Tamas disintegrating tendency that is represented by Shiva, while the color white is sattva cohesion as Vishnu. Representations Shiva Vishnu is black and white is because the two trends are the soul of the other. "
" The fly swatter: is the law of dharma is the breath of life that is produced at the time of the event. "
" The range: this is the ritual sacrifice, the fan is used to poke the fire. "
" The banner: the glory of the Sun and the Moon is its flagship
"The sun: it is the symbol of the world without obstacles, a paradise where there is no fear."
"The sword and scabbard the sword that was held in his hand is the symbol of pure knowledge, while the sheath is non- to know. "
" The bird-winged Garuda verb: When Vishnu wakes rides the bird Garuda, half man and half vulture. "
" Solid Snake, when Vishnu is lying asleep on the Solid Snake. "
Shiva: Lord of sleep
The trend towards the disintegration of tamas is represented by Shiva, the power of the destruction of all that and everything end. Shiva The word originates from the root "shin" meaning sleep, so it is called the lord of sleep.
Its representation is made by geometric diagrams called yantra, mantra and an anthropomorphic figure.
Its emblem is the lingam or phallus and its manifestation is expressed when the linga is placed in the yoni, the female organ. In
representations has three eyes, a waxing moon on the forehead, and the crown made from matted hair flows the Ganges. Its body is covered with ashes and wearing numerous bracelets and around his neck is a necklace of pearls and snakes. He wears a tiger skin in his hands he holds the trident and the dark, sat on a white bull that symbolizes his vehicle and sat by his partner's Uma. Its anthropomorphic image can be described as follows:
"The color white: the color is white as camphor. Shiva embodies the centrifugal tendency tamas made of darkness and should be dark in color, but because the darkness has enveloped by the light and the light is surrounded by darkness, Vishnu is black out because it is made of light, while Shiva is the fact that of darkness is black. "
" The three eyes represent the sun, moon and fire and have the ability to see the present, past and future. The frontal eye is that of perception transcendental and is called the eye of fire, because when you open burning everything in sight. The god Kama is reduced to ashes by Shiva's third eye and with the same look during the destruction of the 'universe all the gods are destroyed. "
" The rising of the moon: it is located on the forehead of Shiva and is the symbol of the cup of soma, the sacrificial liquid. It is located near the third eye, symbolizing the power of procreation and destruction. "
" The Ganges River flows from the sacred crown of matted hair and purifies all things, is the symbol of ritual purity. Bringing the Ganges on the head Shiva got all the means of liberation. "
"Her hair unkempt: the intricate knot of hair is called Jata and is the wind god Vayu, which is the shape of the soma of the liquid offerings."
"The tiger skin: it symbolizes the power of nature, the tiger Energy is the vehicle of Shakti. According to legend, Shiva is located in the forest in the guise of a beggar naked, as the wives of the wise fall in love with him, they bring out a tiger from a pit to kill him, but Shiva killed the tiger skins and create a garment. "
" The four arms represent the mastery of all the facts and show the universal dominion "
" The trident: it is il simbolo dei tre guna le tendenze della Natura che rappresentano le funzioni di creazione, conservazione e distruzione.”
“La lancia, Pashupata: è chiamata anche “bastone del bovaro”, con essa vengono uccisi i demoni e l’universo. Shiva regala la sua lancia ad Arjuna dopo aver combattuto insieme.”
“La scure: è regalata a Parashurama per distruggere la casta guerriera e dei principi.”
“L’arco: assomiglia all’arcobaleno ed è fatto da un serpente velenoso, l’arco ha il compito di aiutare gli dei.”
“La mazza Khatvanga: Khatvanga è una mazza che ha all’estremità la testa a dead man. "
" The serpent is coiled around the neck of Shiva, who can drink the poison to rid the world. In cosmology represents the cycles of time, but especially this sleeping Kundalini is the energy that is stimulated through various techniques of yoga. "
" The snare: shall have the task of linking the perpetrators. "
" The series of skulls: after the destruction of the universe is only a heap of ashes, so Shiva is shown covered in ash and the neck with the necklace of skulls, which are the endless cycles of ages. "
" Ashes: according to legend with the gaze of Shiva's third eye ash reduces the Universe and all the gods and then spreading the ashes on the body, so the devotees of Shiva's body is sprinkled with the ashes of the fire ritual. "
" The damaru, the hourglass-shaped drum : the linga and yoni are represented by a triangle of fire with the points up and a triangle of water with the tip downward. When you enter the triangles form a shooting star that represents the event, but if you split up the dissolution of the universe. The bindu is the point at which the tips are in contact and is the spot where the show. The damaru has the hourglass shape and punctuates the rhythms of the cosmos. "
" The bull symbolizes the vehicle of Shiva is white, with a robust physique and eyes blacks. He is represented seated next to Shiva. Usually the faithful before entering the temple touch the bull's testicles from the source of life. "
" The lion, when Shiva rises above the bull, rests on a lion from the belly fat, which is the symbol of greed for food. Gluttony is the road that leads to smodatezza. "
" Kashi: City of Light is also known as Benares or Varanasi, the bright city of Shiva. According to legend, Kashi is the oldest city in the world founded by a king in a forest covered with sacred grass called kasha. So Kashi is the place where born the sacred herb. According to the etymology of the meaning of "kash" would shine, and Kashi is the city of light. The city of light is also the city of knowledge, in fact, Kashi is the name that is attributed to the head, the seat of knowledge, where is the thousand-petalled lotus. The city is located at the point where the three channels of the subtle body come together and form the trident of Shiva. The city of Benares is the place where the three cross the Ganges. In India there are five places sacred to Shiva at Kashi where he worships the Linga of water, the Kanchi linga ground, Chidambara ether linga, linga in the air and Kalahasti Tiruvannamalai linga of fire. "
" The linga or phallus: The linga represents the source of life and is the emblem of Shiva, the supreme man. It represents the universe. When the Hindus worship the linga recognize a divine and eternal form which manifests itself in microcosm. The foul is defined as "the divinity that exceeds ten fingers."
"The Yoni: Energy is the universal symbol represented the female organ that surrounds the linga. The phallus is the symbol of the cosmic male is the symbol and the symbol of energy that Nature is the yoni, the female organ. Its symbol is a triangle consists of the three characteristics of Nature: the orbit that creates, the concentration that light, which darkens the dispersion. According to Shiva gives the seed the creation, Vishnu, Brahma receives it and the yoni is the sperm that unites them. "
Bhagavagita The" Song of the Blessed "
Within the Mahabharata is inserted in the Bhagavad Gita, an epic poem consists of eighteen songs for a total of seven hundred verses. The Gita tells the beginning of the battle between two clans of Kauravas and Pandavas. The narrative consists of a dialogue with regard to a third person in connection with another box. In the introduction, Sanjaya, king Dhritarashtra's charioteer, tells quest’ultimo i preparativi per la battaglia e riferisce il dialogo avvenuto tra Arjuna, l’“Arciere”, della famiglia dei Pandava e il dio Krsna. Arjuna si sente sconfortato perchè si trova a combattere contro i suoi parenti e preso dal dubbio è indeciso se in nome della legge del Dharma uccidere gli avversari oppure rinunciare ad ogni azione. Ecco le parole di Arjuna rivolte a Krsna :
“Quando io vedo o Krsna, la mia stessa gente schierata e ansiosa di battaglia, le mie membra sono prese da sgomento, la bocca si fa arida, e il mio corpo trema, mentre sul mio capo si rizzano i capelli.”
Il dialogo tra l’eroe e Krsna apre la discussione sulle problematiche dell’esistenza man and God's response provides an exaltation of the prescribed by the law of Dharma. Send
attaches great importance to yoga as a discipline that combines both the senses that thought. In the poem the word "yoga" loses its technical meaning and assumes the synonym of "bhakti, devotional piety which has the task of leading man to liberation.
In the Gita is expressed adoration of the faithful towards God and the benevolence of Krishna to the faithful. At the end of the poem Arjuna decides to follow the teachings of Krishna and starts to fight, the battle ends with the defeat and death of Kurava and with the victory of Arjuna and Pandavas.
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